RISPERDAL® CONSTA® (risperidone) Long Acting Injection

About Schizophrenia
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Evolution of Treatment

1600s
 
 
Native American Shamans Native American shamans, or medicine men, summoned supernatural powers to treat the mentally ill, incorporating rituals of atonement and purification.
 
1692
 
 
Salem Witchcraft Trials Witchcraft and demonic possession were common explanations for mental illness. The Salem witchcraft trials sentenced nineteen people to hanging.
 
1724
 
 
Puritan Clergyman Cotton Mather Puritan clergyman, Cotton Mather (1663-1728), broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses.
 
1812
 
 
Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook of psychiatry.
 
1843
 
 
There were approximately 24 hospitals – totaling only 2,561 beds – available for treating mental illness in the United States.
 
1909
 
 
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud visited America and lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
 
1918
 
 
The American Psychoanalytic Association ruled that only individuals who have completed medical school and a psychiatric residency can become candidates for psychoanalytic training.
 
1920s
 
 
Harry Stack Sullivan's ward for schizophrenic patients at Sheppard-Pratt Hospital demonstrates the impact of a therapeutic milieu when patients are able to be returned to the community.
 
1930s
 
 
Psychiatrists began to inject insulin to induce shock and temporary coma as a treatment for schizophrenia.
 
1936
 
 
Egas Moniz published an account of the first human frontal lobotomy. Between 1936 and the mid-1950s, an estimated twenty thousand of these surgical procedures were performed on American mental patients.
 
1940s
 
 
Electrotherapy Electrotherapy (applying electric current to the brain) was first used in American hospitals to treat mental illnesses.
 
1947
 
 
Fountain House in NYC begins psychiatric rehabilitation for mentally ill persons.
 
1952
 
 
The first conventional antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced to treat patients with schizophrenia and other major mental disorders.
 
1960s
 
 
Conventional antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol, were first used to control outward (positive) symptoms of psychosis, bringing a significant measure of calm and order to previously noisy and chaotic psychiatric wards.
 
1962
 
 
Hospitalization for Psychiatric Care 422,000 individuals were hospitalized for psychiatric care in the United States.
 
1970
 
 
Mass deinstitutionalization began. Patients and their families were left to their own resources due to the lack of outpatient programs for rehabilitation and reintegration back into society.
 
1980
 
 
Rise of managed care – short-stay hospitalization with community treatment became the standard of care for mental illness.
 
1989
 
 
The first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was introduced for patients with treatment resistant/intolerant schizophrenia.
 
1990
 
 
Brain Imaging Brain imaging is used to learn more about the development of major mental illnesses.
 
2003
 
 
RISPERDAL® CONSTA® (risperidone) Long Acting Injection becomes the only long-acting form of the atypical antipsychotic drugs available in the United States.
 

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RISPERDAL® CONSTA® (risperidone) is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION FOR RISPERDAL® CONSTA®

Elderly Patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. RISPERDAL® CONSTA® (risperidone) is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare and potentially fatal side effect reported with RISPERDAL® CONSTA® and similar medicines. Call your doctor immediately if the person being treated develops symptoms such as high fever; stiff muscles; shaking; confusion; sweating; changes in pulse, heart rate, or blood pressure; or muscle pain and weakness. Treatment should be stopped if the person being treated has NMS.

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, sometimes permanent side effect reported with RISPERDAL® CONSTA® and similar medications. TD includes uncontrollable movements of the face, tongue, and other parts of the body. The risk of developing TD and the chance that it will become permanent is thought to increase with the length of therapy and the overall dose taken by the patient. This condition can develop after a brief period of therapy at low doses, although this is much less common. There is no known treatment for TD, but it may go away partially or completely if therapy is stopped.

High blood sugar and diabetes have been reported with RISPERDAL® CONSTA® and similar medications. If the person being treated has diabetes or risk factors such as being overweight or a family history of diabetes, blood sugar testing should be performed at the beginning and throughout treatment with RISPERDAL® CONSTA®. Complications of diabetes can be serious and even life threatening. If signs of high blood sugar or diabetes develop, such as being thirsty all the time, going to the bathroom a lot, or feeling weak or hungry, contact your doctor.

RISPERDAL® CONSTA® and similar medications can raise the blood levels of a hormone known as prolactin, causing a condition known as hyperprolactinemia. Blood levels of prolactin remain elevated with continued use. Some side effects seen with these medications include the absence of a menstrual period; breasts producing milk; the development of breasts by males; and the inability to achieve an erection. The connection between prolactin levels and side effects is unknown.

Some people taking RISPERDAL® CONSTA® may feel faint or lightheaded when they stand up or sit up too quickly. By standing up or sitting up slowly and following your healthcare professional's dosing instructions, this side effect can be reduced or it may go away over time.

RISPERDAL® CONSTA® may affect your alertness or driving ability; therefore, do not drive or operate machinery before talking to your healthcare professional.

RISPERDAL® CONSTA® should be used cautiously in people with a seizure disorder, who have had seizures in the past, or who have conditions that increase their risk for seizures.

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) are usually persistent movement disorders or muscle disturbances, such as restlessness, tremors, and muscle stiffness. If you observe any of these symptoms, talk to your healthcare professional.

Inform your healthcare professional if you become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy with RISPERDAL® CONSTA®. Caution should be exercised when RISPERDAL® CONSTA® is administered to a nursing woman.

RISPERDAL® CONSTA® may make you more sensitive to heat. You may have trouble cooling off, or be more likely to become dehydrated, so take care when exercising or when doing things that make you warm.

Some medications interact with RISPERDAL® CONSTA®. Please inform your healthcare professional of any medications or supplements that you are taking. Avoid alcohol while on RISPERDAL® CONSTA®.

In a study of people taking RISPERDAL® CONSTA®, the most common side effects in the treatment of schizophrenia were headache, tremors, dizziness, restlessness, tiredness, constipation, indigestion, sleepiness, weight gain, pain in the limbs, and dry mouth.

If you have any questions about RISPERDAL® CONSTA® or your therapy, talk with your doctor.

For more information, read the Important Product Information by clicking here.

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This page was last updated on: Oct 08 2007 at 14:47:02 EDT